The 1824 Grafton, Ohio estate of Jesse Taylor

So, in one of my previous posts you will recall that I had posted information on the sudden death of my 5th great grandfather, Jesse Taylor, on September 5, 1824 and soon thereafter his wife, Lucy Parker Taylor (both in Grafton, Ohio), on September 21, 1824. They were survived by six children: Benjamin Franklin, Sarah Ann, James, Jesse W., Caroline, and William Henry. Their obituary showed up in the Pittsfield, Massachusetts daily news, the Sun, on Thursday, September 30, 1824 (Vol. 25, Issue 1254, page 3):

• "DIED, at Grafton, Ohio, on the 5th of August last, Mr. Jesse Taylor, formerly of this town, and son of Mr. James Taylor, aged 42. --On the 21st of August, Mrs. Lucy Taylor, his wife, aged 41."

The 1820 US Census taken in Grafton, Medina County (later becoming Lorain County in 1828), lists a household identical to the one described above with the added person of an additional free white male of 26-44 years of age. This was Josiah W. Taylor, who, records tell us married Emeline Jones at Grafton on March 1, 1822. See Josiah W. Taylor marriage certificate 1822

I am pleased to be able to share another piece of the puzzle to the early Taylor history in Ohio. This week I discovered the 1824-1828 handling of Jesse Taylor's estate by his brother Josiah W. Taylor, who the Medina County Court of Common Pleas had appointed the administrator of his estate. Among other things, this document lists Jesse's surviving children (once again BFT's name is given as Franklin), makes no mention of his wife Lucy, who was deceased a little over one month from when these proceedings began (Sept. 27, 1824), gives a list of Jesse's physical possessions at the time of his death, lists the names of creditors and all of his debts, and gives the exact location of his 9-acre plot at lot #90 on the west side of Grafton Township. Another interesting piece of information this document provides the name of Jesse's physician, Doctor M. H. Manter (see bio at: W. H. Manter, MD) who collected debts from the estate, which were quite sizable when you consider that the debt collected of $48 amounts to 27% of the entire estate (not including land holdings). From this information, I am pretty comfortable with the deduction that Jesse and Lucy Taylor died of some type of prolonged illness which required multiple visits from their doctor, Doctor Manter, who lived in the county seat of Elyria just to the northwest.

One final wrinkle is the realization that by the time these proceedings started, Franklin had turned 19, but was still not considered an adult in terms of property or the law. Aaron Root (who was paid $11.80 by the estate) is the court's named guardian ad litem for the children of Jesse and Lucy Taylor, and it appears that there was no dispute raised to Josiah W. Taylor's liquidation and settling of the estate. One last note is that Josiah's father-in-law, Eliphalet Jones, was named as one of three appraisers by the court who provided values on the final inventory of the estate, and he was also a creditor, leaving at least some room for believing that there might have been a shade of conflict of interest there (though in fairness each of the other two appraisers were also creditors paid by the estate). The back taxes paid to the county on the estate was $4.79. The final amount raised from the liquidation of the estate was $264.68 1/2, of which it appears that $290.70 was paid out to creditors. Now I am not sure exactly how that math works. Did Jesse's brother Josiah pay creditors out of pocket for the additional debts incurred? There is no record that any of Jesse and Lucy's children benefitted whatsoever from the sale of the estate, though I'm sure that their interests were represented by the court. I will post this and share with legal experts from the family to gain better understanding and revisit this question if and when more information is learned. To one who is less learned such as I, it appears that the untimely demise of a young couple such as this presented an overwhelming urge to profit from it to many members of the community. Nearly two hundred years later, I am judging this with modern-day sensibilities, but it is just hard to examine these documents and think anything else. I am shocked that Jesse would have died owing so much to so many people in the community, when today that would definitely not be the case. However, in the early nineteenth century it was probably common to incur private debts in communities that did not even have operating banks or other financial institutions.

Here is the link for your viewing: Jesse Taylor Estate 1824-28 Court Records

The map below shows Grafton in Lorain County and it's close proximity to Historical LDS locations at Amherst and Russia townships. The center of Grafton Township is Belden where our ancestors are buried. Belden is approximately 55 miles from Kirtland, Ohio, just 32 miles southwest of Cleveland:

A Royal Family by Jaris Taylor Elkins

What a lucky day this is for my Taylor family everywhere! In 1998, I took a trip with friends to do some mountain biking at the famed mountain biking mecca, Moab, Utah. Just before this trip, I had started to catch the "Spirit of Elijah," so I decided to do some family research while visiting. My dad had served briefly as a Mormon missionary in Moab during his mission in the Western States Mission (1960-62), and met Taylor family members who were not LDS in Moab who informed him that we were definitely related. Principal among these was editor of the local Moab newspaper, Sam Taylor. So, with this information in my mind, I decided to visit the Moab Times-Independent. As will not surprise anybody who knows him, Sam was there working at 10am on a weekday morning and went out of his way to greet me and asked if he could be of any help. I said, "My name is Rob Taylor, I'm a distant relation of yours and I'm only in town for a day and would like to visit some Taylor history sites." He took off his glasses and asked, "Well are you a descendant of Norman Taylor then?" To which I responded, "Yes." "Well then, you're going to want to see some of the original homes built here in town, all by the Taylor's [Taylor Ranch House], then visit the Daughters of Utah Pioneers museum right here in town [DUP Museum Moab], and probably finish up by visiting the old pioneer grave site [Norman Taylor grave site]." He then grabbed a map which he gave me and penciled in each of the locations and told me exactly where to go and who to see (even giving me the name and telephone number of the museum curator just in case it was closed; which it was). I thanked Sam and exited the newspaper, happy to know that a relative had given me the information I needed for a brief but successful day of family tree hunting there in Moab. Only years later, did I learn more about the man I had met that day while reading his obituary (he looked a lot like his photo here, only much older when I met him): Sam Taylor's obituary 2010.

At the DUP museum, I came across a HUGE book in blue binding called "A Royal Family," written by Jaris Taylor Elkins. It had everything and anything you would ever want to know about the Taylor family from 1840 to 1950. I was so excited to find it that I wrote down Jaris's contact information and determined to get in touch with her to see if she would sell me a copy. No sooner did I get home from my trip, than I did just that. I called Jaris and she said she still had a few copies left, so I mailed her a check and got a copy of the book. A few years later, another Taylor cousin, Myron Taylor, copied the book into pdf format and posted it to my family website at myfamily.com. Today I am posting it here, along with Jaris's photo. Jaris and I corresponded for the next couple of years until she passed away in 2000 at the age of 66. [Jaris Taylor Elkins]

As promised here is her book: A Royal Family

Thanks Jaris and all of my Taylor cousins who continue to share and amaze with their time and talents. I feel very blessed to have access to such great primary sources and research from which hopefully I can build on and carry the torch forward! I am proud to be a Taylor from the Western states like many of you out there!

Latest in Taylor Family History Research

So what are just a few of the biggest question marks in our Taylor family history story?

1. The link between us and Revolutionary War veteran James Taylor (b. 1750 in Coventry, CT) is proven and established through birth, marriage and death records beyond dispute. Establishing the link between James and his father William is less certain (though we do have probate records that give his father's name as William Taylor). Therein lies the first big issue...William Taylor is such a common name in 18th-Century Connecticut that we are not quite sure which one he is. Family lore holds it that there was a family bible that listed William, Jr. as son of another William, who was son of Stephen Taylor, Jr. of East Windsor, CT. If we can establish this link concretely (perhaps I should say 'these links') that would be a huge family history accomplishment. We have very good historical documentation regarding the life of Stephen Taylor, Jr. (b. 1644, d. 1707 both in Windsor, CT). The life of his father brings us to the next great genealogical riddle to solve: Stephen Taylor, Sr.
2. The parentage and origins of Stephen Taylor, Sr. (d. 1688, Windsor, CT) are uncertain. Here is what our current research says about Stephen TAYLOR, Sr. -- he is listed in the LDS Ancestral File (AF) as the great grandson of a Robert, grandson of a Robert, and son of a Robert. The latter designation is the Robert Taylor of Spreyton, Devonshire, England. Stephen's mother is variously listed, but if he is a son of Robert of Spreyton, then his mother would be Thomasyne SMALLRIDGE, a daughter of Richard. She was christened in St. Mary's parish (Parish records) in Tedbury, Devon, England on June 15, 1586, and she died in 1618, probably shortly after her son's birth. It is not certain who Stephen's parents were. What is known is that he was not a great grandson of the Robert Taylor listed in the AF. A personal search of many parish registers of Devon show that there was no connection between the older two generations of Robert TAYLOR (who clearly were father and son) and the third generation Robert TAYLOR. The above information is currently being researched by Randall Taylor of Saratoga Springs, Utah and he is hoping to publish a book about it (contact info. RandallTaylor44@gmail.com). There is reason to believe that Stephen was at least born in England's West Country, the southwest peninsula that contains the shires of Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. The associates of Stephen after his definitive arrival in the New England area were known to have come from these regions. Stephen is first known to be in Windsor, Connecticut in 1640 by being named in the Windsor Land Inventory (Great Migration Begins, Anderson, 1995, NEHGS, p. 938, 995), although there is another published claim (Search for the Passengers of the Mary and John, Edited by Burton Spear, Vol. 17, p. 201) indicating Stephen may have been in Dorchester, Massachusetts as early as 1633. He first is seen in Windsor Town Records at the time of his marriage to Sarah HOSFORD on 1 November 1642. His marriage to Elizabeth ____ NOWELL was 25 October 1649 (Windsor VR Vol. 1, p. 62) and this union led to the births of six children (Windsor VR Vol. MG). There is a discussion of Stephen Taylor of Windsor available and published in The American Genealogist (Vol 37, pgs. 197-203), and there is a brief biography in Stiles The History of Ancient Windsor (Vol II, p. 749-750). He was admitted to the First Church of Windsor March 6, 1644 (Stiles, p. 749). He was one of the first to move to the East side of the Connecticut River about 1656 with Richard Samways. He is mentioned in a number of other publications, including Memorial History of Hartford County, Vol II, p. 552, 557 and Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, p. 190. 353 and 356; his name is inscribed on the Palisado Monument of Windsor as a Founder. He died 1 September, 1688. Elizabeth, his wife, probably born about 1630, was a widow when she married in 1649 to Stephen. Her husband, Thomas NOWELL (Conn Nutmegger, 6/93, Vol. 26, p.23), had died the year before her marriage to Stephen. Thomas and Elizabeth apparently had no children. Her maiden name remains unknown. She was admitted to the church in 1666 (Stiles Vol. II, p. 749), and Elizabeth died in 1689, "the widow Taylor dyed August 5 1689" (Land Records Colony of Connecticut, p. 57 of Vol. D). The will of Stephen TAYLOR of Windsor is preserved in Hartford, probate number 5403. A transcript of it is as follows: "Will of Stephen Taylor:
 August 16, 1683
: The last will and testament of Steuen Taylor sener is as followeth my Soule I bequeath too god that gaue it and my body to a christian buriall and as for that estat that god hath giuen me all my just debts being payd and funerall charges first I giue to my deare and loueing wife my house and barne and the Uper halfe of my lott bounding by Thomas Bissell duering her life and also I giue to my wife liberty too take of my house all goods what se ses cause duering her life and also out of the estat ten pounds to be at her owne dispose. I giue to my son Steuen the lower haluf of my lott to tak posession after my Deceas he paying ten pounds to my estat within on twelue month after my disceas: to my son Samuell I giue twenty shillings also to my son Thomas I giue ten pounds: as for my son John i giue after my wiues decease I giue him my house and barne on that haluf of my lott next to Thomas Bissell he paying forty pounds with in three years after his mother desease and too my daughter Abigall I giue twenty four pounds and too my daughter Mary i giue twenty ponds too my daughter Mindwell I giue therty five pounds shee being pay of the legacy first twenty pounds and then for what my estate fals short to pay thay must all stay by equall proportion till the money be dew from Steuen and John but in case by any prouedent my estat fals short to make good all my legaces thay are all to beare ther parts proportiabl as thay are to reseave also I apoint my wife and son John executers to this my last will and my desier is that Thomas Bissell senr and Nathanell Bissell may be ouerseers of this my last will and to be helpfull too my wife and John and thay to repare to them for aduice and councell this the sixteene day of August eighty three in witness hear of I set my hand in the presant of witnes that word first about mindwell was enther lines before subscription.
Stephen Taylor
witnes Thomas Bissell
Nathanell Bissell sener
(In the margin is written lengthwise) it is further addes i presence of ye witnesses yt in case his daughter Mary be dead, yt the legacy given her it should be devided amongst her children" (On the reverse of the Will in the Library in Hartford) "Will of Stephen Taylor late of Windsor, decd 1688. September 4, 1688. Inventory taken of the estat of Steuen Taylor deceased 49 pounds 8 shillings and 3 pence. (Signed) Joseph Fitch, Samuel Grant sener, Joshua Wills."

My Great-Great Grandfather Benjamin Franklin Taylor was Franklin Taylor to his Friends and Family (B. Franklin Taylor)

Early Taylor Roots in Ohio go back to 1817 (just 14 years after it became a state in 1803)!

23andMe Plug

So are you considering getting your DNA genotyped by 23andMe? Follow the link below to be tested for the bargain low price of $99. You will normally get your results back in 6-8 weeks:
23andMe DNA Testing

Find a Grave

I just came across this important site. It has photos of gravestones of most of the Taylor family going back several generations beginning with Benjamin F. Taylor (note that some of the dates are transcribed incorrectly, e.g. Jesse Taylor's death is in 1824, not 1826):
Find a Grave.com/B. Franklin Taylor ancestors and descendants

Ethnicities by Haplogroup (simplified subclades used for specifics)

Check out this helpful site to see which nationalities carry our Taylor Y-DNA haplogroup subgroup I2b:
Ethnicities by Haplogroup

And here is another site that is very helpful for seeing where the I2 Haplogroup spread and is heaviest:
Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)

Note that we are probably related to Sir Henry Clinton, who is classified as Neolithic M223, I2a2a; then British M284, I2a2a1 in the Bronze and Iron Ages; and then L1195 heading into the Middle Ages (this will need further research and testing to be verified as such).

Joseph H. Dean web site with Biographies

I was pleasantly surprised to come across this web site today by Dean cousin Gordon Banks.

Enjoy: Joseph H. Dean ancestors site

English Christening Record of Crispin Mennell 3 April 1786

I came across this today on the FamilySearch.org web site. It clarifies the situation (mentioned in an earlier blog post) of my ancestor Crispin Mennell who took his mother's maiden name with him to the United States when he emigrated from England to Albany, New York in 1817 (Source: History of Lorain County, Ohio 1807-1879, Williams Brothers, p. 260):

Crispin Mennell: "We have A copy of the original baptismal entry of Crispin Mennil, which was recorded on the 3rd of April 1786 at Kirbymoorside. The transcription of the document is as follows: "3rd April 1786 — Crispin Mennil, bastard child of Christopher Auder [joiner] and Ann [daughter of Crispin Mennil of Welburn near Castle Howard]. Born 2nd April." North Yorkshire County Record Office; Northallerton, North Yorkshire, UK

Crispin Mennell's Christening Record

Prior to coming across this document, it was always assumed that Crispin's father's sirname was Ander with an "n" (which is of German or Scandinavian extraction), but certainly the possibility exists that it is actually a "u," thus, Auder. Auder is certainly the more English of the two spellings, as the Auder's were a prominent family of Norman ancestry (there are Auders in both France and modern-day England. Ander is less common in Great Britain today. There is an Auder listed in Kathy Lynn Emerson's Wives and Daughters: The Women of Sixteenth-Century England (1984). See: Jane Auder (Turner)

Mennell Family Web Site:
For more on the Mennell genealogy visit cousin Mona Caldwell's excellent Family Tree Maker page:
Mennell Family Web Site

Gedcom Files Rescued from MyFamily.com

Family Members:

Feel free to download any or all of these family tree files. With the exception of two, all of them are from files provided by Dr. Michael Taylor, son of W. Dean Taylor, containing family related to Leo S. and Stella Dean Taylor. The other two files were provided by Mike Taylor (a cousin and descendant of Martin Van Buren Taylor from Provo, UT) and Myron Clinton Taylor (a cousin and descendant of Elmer Franklin Taylor from Farmington, NM). These files are a little older so you will want to compare them with active files available at FamilySearch.org.

I've shared some items with you.

	LVonTaylor.ged
	WDeanTaylor.ged
	LeahTaylor.ged
	GarthSTaylor.ged
	JosephMountTaylor.ged
	RussellCTaylor.ged
	LynnFTaylor.ged
	BruceJTaylor.ged
	MyronTaylor5generations.ged
	HalLTaylor.ged
	LeoS&StellaDeanTaylor.ged

Google Drive: create, share, and keep all your stuff in one place.

Deeper Dive into My European Ancestry

I was back at the 23andMe site again today, and discovered that the Ancestry Composition profile has another dimension under the sub-Regional Resolution option. By clicking on the blue outer ring of the map, the following detail was revealed:

99.5%

European

Northern European

8.1%

British and Irish

3.0%

Scandinavian

2.0%

French and German

0.7%

Finnish

76.9%

Nonspecific Northern European

< 0.1%

Eastern European

8.9%

Nonspecific European

I was somewhat intrigued to learn that very little of my Northern European ancestry is confirmed in the analyses of the alleles they looked at. This fact highlights the need in my case of getting more of my family members to do the DNA testing. If you visit my family tree information either through 23andMe, Family Search (see: familysearch.org), or by downloading one of my gedcom files here (I will be posting them soon to Family Tree Hunter so stay tuned), you will see that my British and Irish ancestry is more likely in the neighborhood of 65% and my verified Scandinavian ancestry is at least 20%. So the 8.1% and 3% numbers here seem underwhelming and leave me flat in terms of my overall expectations. The only surprises in the table above are the percentages of French, German and Finnish DNA, which are cool just for the fact that I don't currently have anybody in my Family Tree with those nationalities...unless you consider the Norman English to be French, then I am most certainly more than 2% French. And if you consider the Vikings and invading Saxons (of Anglo-Saxon fame) to be Germans, I am most certainly more than 2% German. I find it very convenient that they list 76.9% as Nonspecific Northern European because no matter what my Family Tree looks like, it would inevitably fit that loose definition. In short, this chart is not very helpful due to the lack of specificity. Solution? Come on relatives out there! Get your DNA tested so that I can compare myself to your numbers...please?

Another surprise is that my paternal Haplogroup (the I2b1 subgroup) results in less than a 0.1% as eastern European of my overall European ancestry (99.5% of my total Ancestry Composition report), when by definition the I Haplogroup is supposed to be made up of mostly southern and eastern European groups all emanating from the Balkans in southeastern Europe. How does one explain this? Well, I am starting a discussion thread today on the 23andMe web site with that very question on it. I will let you know what the DNA experts there have to say. Stay tuned...

Neanderthal Ancestry from the 23andMe Lab

The fact that he is six feet ten 
Might instill fear in other men 
But not in me, The Mighty Flea
You ask if I am mouse or man 
The mirror squeaked, away I ran... 
He'll murder me in time for his tea! 
Does it bother me at all?
My rival is Neanderthal, it makes me think -- Sting

As you saw yesterday, I am learning more and more about myself and my inherited genetic make-up from the DNA analyses run by the labs at 23andMe. Here is one that I'm sure you will be interested in:

I have 2.9% Neanderthal Ancestry!

Rob's Neanderthal Ancestry

So if you read my post from yesterday, you remember that I have 8.9% Nonspecific European ancestry. This Neanderthal amount of 2.9% definitely comes from that segment. My daughter, Chloe, will be sad to learn that there are no varieties of Sasquatch appearing anywhere in the human genome, so this is as close as she can get proving I have Sasquatch blood.

A little humor about cavemen from GEICO:

So easy even a caveman can do it...

A little more about Neanderthals:

Neanderthals were a group of humans who lived in Europe and Western Asia. They are the closest evolutionary relatives of modern humans, but they went extinct about 30,000 years ago. The first Neanderthals arrived in Europe as early as 600,000 to 350,000 years ago. Neanderthals — Homo neanderthalensis — and modern humans — Homo sapiens — lived along side each other for thousands of years. Genetic evidence suggest that they interbred and although Neanderthals disappeared about 30,000 years ago, traces of their DNA — between 1 percent and 4 percent — are found in all modern humans outside of Africa. Apart from the curiosity of finding what percentage of a modern human's genome is Neanderthal, the information has great value for science. By comparing our DNA with Neanderthal DNA, scientists can detect the most recent evolutionary changes as we developed into fully modern humans.

DNA Testing Results 5/17/13

It's Here!:
Wow! So after nearly two months of waiting, I finally got my results back from 23andMe. Drum roll please... The DNA genome testing (it is technically called 'genotyping') cost me just $99. They send you a kit with a test bottle in the mail. You fill it with saliva, then ship it back (in the prepaid container the kit came in). And they test it in their laboratory somewhere in northern California. They received my completed sample on March 22, 2013 (the kit was a birthday present I gave myself). Today is May 17, 2012 and here are the results:
Rob Taylor's Ancestry Composition 

How it works:
23andMe's lab receives your sample, DNA is extracted from cells preserved in your saliva. The lab then copies the DNA many times — a process called “amplification” — growing the tiny amount extracted from your saliva until there is enough to be genotyped.In order to be genotyped, the amplified DNA is “cut” into smaller pieces, which are then applied to their DNA chip, a small glass slide with millions of microscopic “beads” on its surface (read more about this technology). Each bead is attached to a “probe”, a bit of DNA that matches one of the approximately one million genetic variants that they've tested previously. The cut pieces of your DNA stick to the matching DNA probes. A fluorescent signal on each probe provides information that can tell them which version of that genetic variant your DNA corresponds to.   Although the human genome is estimated to contain about 10-30 million genetic variants, many of them are correlated due to their proximity to each other. Thus, one genetic variant is often representative of many nearby variants, and the approximately one million variants on 23andMe's genotyping chip provide very good coverage of common variation across the entire genome. Their research team has also hand-picked tens of thousands of additional genetic variants linked to various conditions and traits in the scientific literature to analyze on their genotyping chip. As a result they can provide you with personal genetic information available only through 23andMe.

Dad's Family (Robert Elvon Taylor, my "Y"-chromosome):
My Paternal sub-Haplogroup is I2b1*, of which its main Haplogroup is I2. Haplogroups are groupings of individuals with the same genetic characteristic at the same location on the DNA. Haplogroups represent fractures in the human family tree and are tied to deep ancestry (think in terms of thousands or even 10s of thousands of years) and are shown in the human Phylogenetic tree. The value is that it tells researchers about migratory patterns and gives information about the age of the group of people.

This is the best single location explanation I have found on the Internet for our Y-DNA (as you read it, look for references to the M223 SNP Location: Haplogroup I

This is the current Wikipedia entry for M-223 (our subclade within I2 Haplogroup):
"I-M223: The age of YSTR variation for the I-M223 subclade is 13.2±2.7 kya and 12.3±3.1 kya. I-M223 has a peak in Germany and another in eastern Sweden, but also appears in Romania/Moldova, Russia, Greece, Italy and around the Black Sea due to movement of Alans/Sarmatians/Scythians. Haplogroup I2a2a has been found in over 4% of the population only in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark,probably moving tribes of Dacians. England (excluding Cornwall), Scotland, possibly descendants of the Iazyges, Legio VI Victrix, ] 175 410 AD, also the southern tips of Sweden and Norway in Northwest Europe; the provinces of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Perche in northwestern France; the province of Provence in southeastern France; the regions of Tuscany, Umbria, and Latium in Italy; Moldavia and the area around Russia's Ryazan Oblast and Republic of Mordovia in Eastern Europe maybe Agathyrsi, Khazars. Of historical note, both haplogroups I-M253 and I-M223 appear at a low frequency in the historical regions of Bithynia and Galatia in Turkey, possibly descendants of the Thracians, Cataphract of Alexander the Great at 334 BC, and Varangians, who are historically recorded to have invaded those parts of Anatolia from the 9th to 11th centuries. They ventured southwards along the rivers of Eastern Europe, connecting Scandinavia with Constantinople and Byzantine Empire. Haplogroup I2a2a also occurs among approximately 1% of the Sardinians - Vandals. The subclade divergence for M223 occurred 14.6±3.8 kya (Rootsi 2004).
Haplogroup I-M223 can be further subdivided in several subclades designated in the Y2012 ISOGG tree as follows: Haplogroup I-M223* with no further known polymorphisms, Haplogroup I-M284 defined by M284 polymorphism and including an undergroup Haplogroup I-L126 reserved for individuals derived for the L126/S165, L137/S166 polymorphisms, Haplogroup I-L701 associated with L701 polymorphism, and Haplogroup I-Z161 denoting individuals derived for the Z161 polymorphism. I-Z161 is further subdivided into I-Z161* with no known polymorphisms, I-L801 defined by L801 polymorphism, and I-L623 designated by L623 polymorphism. I-L801 (L801) is further subdivided into I-L801* and I-P95, the latter being associated with the P95 polymorphism. Recently, several new SNPs have been identified including Z76, which is believed to be phyloequivalent with L801, and L812 Roots polymorphism. The recently added L801 Continental is estimated to be around 3000 years old. Other SNPs currently being investigated for placement in the tree include: Z78, Z79, Z190, and L1198, all of which are believed to be downstream of both Z161 and L80."

*Haplogroup "I2b1" is called "I2a2a" most places now, except for at the testing companies like FTDNA and 23andMe, which are slow to update their nomenclature. This fact is born out in the fact that the latest Y-DNA Haplogroup research page lists the mutations found in my Y-DNA as belonging to the I2a2a subgroup, as: S151, L36/S152, L59, L368, L622, M223, P219, PF3859, S24,P220/S119, P221, S120, P222, U250/S118, P223, PF3860, Z77. On the 23andMe site Haplogroup Mutation report I see the same mutations still listed as I2b1: 

I2b1 defining mutations
variant	call	anc		der
i4000090 (M223)	A	G		A
rs17221964 (P219)	G	T		G
rs17222244 (P223)	G	C		G
rs17315723 (P222)	G	C		G
rs17316729 (P221)	A	C		A
rs17316910 (P220)	T	G		T

Haplogroup I2a2a (formerly I2b1) 

Amounts to 90% of I2a2. The Taylor heritage is linked to SNP M223 Haplogroup I2a2a - called the Stonemasons. Haplogroup I2a2a has two basic parts - Continental & Roots. The Continental clades seem to have had their foundings some 9,000 years ago on the north German plain. I2a2a-M223 (which is possibly Danubian) has a peak in Germany and another in eastern Sweden but also appears in Russia, Greece, Italy and around the Black Sea. There is a little among Armenians. An earlier, but more detailed, distribution map shows a little in the Near East, North Africa and along the Western seaboard of Iberia. This haplogroup occurs at a moderate frequency among populations of Northwest Europe, with a peak frequency in the region of Lower Saxony in northwestern Germany. I have a tendency to believe that our first Haplogroup I2a2a male was pre Celto-Germanic-Danubian. That their ancestors traveled from around the Black Sea either up the Danube or through the European Plain of the Ukraine, Poland and Germany. Since I2a2 ancestors were co-founders of several old Ukraine cities I tend to favor the European Plain migration route along several rivers that exist in the European Plain. Particularly the Western Bug & Vistula Rivers to the Baltic Sea. Haplogroup I2a2a has five subclades - I2a2a1(British), I2a2a2(Continental), I2a2a3(Germanic), I2a2a4(Anglo-German) & I2a2a5. 

Main Haplogroup I2 is most abundant in eastern Europe and on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, where it is found in 40% of the male population. Like its brother haplogroup, I1, I2 expanded northward at the end of the Ice Age about 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. But unlike I1, which expanded from the Iberian peninsula into northwestern Europe, I2 radiated outward from the Balkans into the eastern half of the continent as well as into northern Europe (areas which are now English, German, Dutch, Norse or Gaelic, in the the British Isles, Normandy, the Netherlands and Scandinavia). Haplogroup I is called "EUROPE'S NATIVE SONS" and is found in a frequency of about 20% in Europe. Haplogroup I2 might have originated in southeastern Europe some 17,000 years ago.

Doggerland: A Real-Life Atlantis
One of the places that was repopulated as the Ice Age waned no longer exists. During the Ice Age and for some time afterward, lower sea levels exposed much of the area that is now covered by the North Sea. Known as "Doggerland," it must have been occupied by men bearing haplogroup I, because today that haplogroup is abundant in all of the countries surrounding the North Sea. As the meltwaters of the retreating Ice Age glaciers caused sea levels to rise, the low-lying forests and wetlands of Doggerland gradually became inundated. Doggerland's inhabitants retreated to the higher ground that is now the North Sea coast. Today the I2b1 branch of I2 is common in the Netherlands and Germany. Like I1, which is most common in Denmark and Sweden, it was probably found among the men who inhabited Doggerland. The presence of I2b1 in Sweden, particularly the northern province of Vasterbotten, is likely due to the more recent arrival of German and Dutch immigrants during the 17th century.

Germanic or Viking Origins (I2b1)
The distribution of Haplogroup I2b1 is closely correlated to that of Haplogroup I1 except in Fennoscandia (Scandinavian Peninsula, the Kola Peninsula, Karelia and Finland), which suggests that it was probably harbored by at least one of the Paleolithic refuge populations that also harbored Haplogroup I1; the lack of correlation between the distributions of I1 and I2b1 in Fennoscandia may be a result of Haplogroup I2b1's being more strongly affected in the earliest settlement of this region by founder effects (defined as a genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population) and genetic drift (defined as a change in the relative frequency in which a gene variant occurs in a population due to random sampling and chance) due to its rarity.The Germanic settlement of Britain resulted in Anglo-Saxon, or English, displacement of and/or cultural assimilation of the indigenous culture, the Brythonic speaking British culture causing the foundation of a new kingdom, England. As in what became England, indigenous Brythonic Celtic culture in some of the south-eastern parts of what became Scotland (approximately the Lothian and Borders region) and areas of what became the Northwest of England (the kingdoms of Rheged, Elmet, etc) succumbed to Germanic influence c.600—800, due to the extension of overlordship and settlement from the Anglo-Saxon areas to the south. Between c. 1150 and c. 1400 most of the Scottish Lowlands became English culturally and linquistically through immigration from England, France and Flanders and from the resulting assimilation of native Gaelic-speaking Scots. The Scots language is the resulting Germanic language still spoken in parts of Scotland and is very similar to the speech of the Northumbrians of northern England. Between the 15th and 17th centuries Scots spread into Galloway, Carrick and parts of the Scottish Highlands, as well as into the Northern Isles. The latter, Orkney and Shetland, though now part of Scotland, were nominally part of the Kingdom of Norway until the 15th century. A version of the Norse language was spoken there from the Viking invasions until replaced by Scots.Sources:  http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Cain-Caine/default.aspx?section=results http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I2_(Y-DNA)#I2b1 http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I2_(Y-DNA)  As Haplogroup I2b1 is somewhat rare, and comprises less than 10% of the total Y-chromosome diversity of all populations outside of Lower Saxony (A state in northwest Germany). The distributions of Haplogroup I1 and Haplogroup I2b1 seem to correlate fairly well with the extent of historical influence of Germanic peoples.Haplogroup I2b1 has been found in over 4% of the population only in the following countries:  Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, England (not including Wales or Cornwall), Scotland, and the southern tips of Sweden and Norway in Northwest Europe; the provinces of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Perche in northwestern France; the province of Provence in southeastern France; the regions of Tuscany, Umbria, and Latium in Italy; and Moldavia and the area around Russia's Ryazan Oblast and Republic of Mordovia in Eastern Europe.

Mom's Family (Penny Smith Taylor, my "X"-chromosome):
My Maternal sub-Haplogroup is H1a1, of which its main Haplogroup is H1. Haplogroup H1 is widespread in Europe, especially the western part of the continent. It originated about 13,000 years ago, not long after the Ice Age ended.The H1 mutation likely arose in a woman living on the Iberian peninsula. Even today, almost 25% of the Spanish population carries the H1 haplogroup. With the waning of the Ice Age, some populations grew rapidly and expanded northward from the Iberian refuge. Others turned southward, crossing the Strait of Gibraltar into northern Africa.Following the Atlantic coast northwards, hunter-gatherers carried H1 into what would become the British Isles. As the ice sheets retreated farther they carried the haplogroup as far as Scandinavia.

The H1 haplogroup remains quite high in the present-day populations of Britain and Ireland as well, ranging from levels of 15% to 40%.About 13% of present-day Europeans trace their maternal ancestry to the H1 haplogroup. Though it is of western European origin, it also reaches significant levels outside Europe, from Morocco and Tunisia to Lebanon and east into Central Asia.

H1a
H1a originated during the Younger Dryas Cycle, a short cold snap between 12,900 and 11,500 years ago that interrupted the general warming trend at the end of the Ice Age. Forests in Scandinavia were replaced by tundra, and droughts occurred in the Near East. After this cooling cycle ended, a group carrying H1a rapidly expanded from southern Europe northward into Finland and eastern Europe. After reaching the Baltic Sea, individuals with H1a eventually moved farther east into the Finno-Ugric speaking populations who lived along the Volga River and in the Ural Mountains of Russia.

DNA Semantics and Statistical Summary:

Genetic make-up is the sum of the 23 chromosome sets that complete the DNA double helix (one side coming from the father, the other from the mother). Chromosomes are broken down into tiny segments called genes, the root word for terms such as genealogy. DNA researches refer to genes as snips or SNP's. Another key term used in DNA analysis is "Allele," which is an alternative form of a gene (a member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. Genotyping is not the same as gene mapping in that it does not look at the entirety of the genome with all of its thousands of SNP's. SNP's (short for single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, pronounced snip; plural snips) is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide — A, T, C or G — in the genome (or other shared sequence) differs between members of a biological species or paired chromosomes in a human. For example, two sequenced DNA fragments from different individuals, AAGCCTA to AAGCTTA, contain a difference in a single nucleotide. In this case we say that there are two alleles. Almost all common SNPs have only two alleles. The genomic distribution of SNPs is not homogenous; SNPs usually occur in non-coding regions more frequently than in coding regions or, in general, where natural selection is acting and fixating the allele of the SNP that constitutes the most favorable genetic adaptation.
My Ancestry Report:
99.5% = European [broken down as 90.6% Northern European, 0.1% Eastern European*, 8.9% Undefined European]. The Eastern European ancestry is from an allele on my Dad's 10th chromosome side.
0.2% = Sub-Saharan African*. *100% of this African ancestry is found on alleles of my father's chromosome sides, broken down as 0.04% of the 3rd chromosome and 0.16% found on the 9th chromosome.
0.1% = Eastern Asian**. **100% of my Asian ancestry is derived from my mother's side of my 20th chromosome set.
0.2% = Unassigned origin***.
Total = 100%, ***My unassigned origin DNA could be anything. Another reason I would like to examen my parents', siblings' and cousins' DNA...please help me...it only costs you $99!

Final Thoughts:

I want to at first state again for the record that I have zero formal training on this subject. I think I studied DNA for exactly one week during my sophomore year in college (back in 1988). So if I have some of these terms wrong please forgive me and correct me (I would like to get it right eventually). With that said, I'm not exactly sure how to interpret the above report. This is my best shot at it. First, I am overwhelmingly a white, male of European descent. My genes with rare exception go back to that continent back for thousands of years. 99.5% or possibly even 99.7% of my ancestors came from either the British Isles, Scandinavia, France, Germany or the Netherlands. After that, there are two interesting (although not genetically very significant) departures. I definitely have some African blood on my father's side of the equation. Where and when did this happen? My father's known genealogy reads like a Whose Who in American History going back to mother England without exception. Well, there is one exception of which I am aware. My great great grandfather Crispin Mennell was born illegitimately and took his mother's maiden name (Mennil or Mennell) as his surname.  Speculation was that it was a man named Christopher Ander. Was this man black? Probably not. Crispin Mennell was born in Yorkshire, England in 1786. Though certainly there is a possibility of this happening in 18th-century England, the likelihood is very doubtful. Conclusion, it must have happened prior to recorded history. My father's family is noteworthy for its being dark complected and over the years there is the oft-repeated remark that this must be due to the "Black Irish" in the family. However, no family historian has ever even identified an Irish ancestor on that side of the family, let alone any "Black Irish." A quick, but non-definitive search of the term in the Internet reveals such statements as: "Black Irish is an ambiguous term sometimes used (outside Ireland) as a reference to a dark-haired phenotype appearing in people of Irish origin. Opinions vary in regard to what is perceived as the usual physical characteristics of the so-called Black Irish: e.g., dark hair, brown eyes and medium skin tone; or dark hair, blue or green eyes and fair skin tone. Unbeknownst to some who have used this term at one time or another, dark hair in people of Irish descent is common, although darker skin complexions appear less frequently." Then there is this: "Another theory of the origin of the term 'Black Irish' is that these people were descendants of Spanish traders who settled in Ireland and even descendants of the few Spanish sailors who were washed up on the west coast of Ireland after the disaster that was the 'Spanish Armada' of 1588. It is claimed that the Spanish married into Irish society and created a new class of Irish who were immediately recognisable by their dark hair and complexion. There is little evidence to support this theory and it is unlikely that any significant number of Spanish soldiers would have survived long in the war-torn place that was sixteenth century Ireland. It is striking though how this tale is very similar to the ancient Irish legend of the Milesians who settled in Ireland having travelled from Spain." I have nothing to add to this conversation, except to say that Dad's African ancestry now adds fuel to speculation as to the origins of his 'black' Irish ancestry. We will probably never know. As for Mom's Asian ancestry, I have only to say that the source is probably from well-known migrations of vast hoards of nomadic horsemen during the 13th-century associated with the infamous Genghis Kahn who were of Mongolian origin. Other than that, I cannot think of another possible explanation except that mother's family as often speculated that they had at least one Cherokee Indian relation in the Powell line of Tennessee during the 18th or 19th centuries. Native American genes are often coded and listed as Asian (due to scientific bias that supposes the only viable Ice Age bridge into the Americas would have been from Asia via the Bering Straight). If Mom's family ever succeeds at proving that our 'Granny' Powell was in fact Cherokee then we will know the origins of her Eastern Asian ancestry.

Plea for Family Members to Buy the $99 DNA Kit and Get Tested at 23andME:

Because of the nature of how genotyping is accomplished (see above), and only a small segment of DNA is analyzed the site is only useful as a tool if many relatives get the same testing done. In short, if I can convince my parents, siblings, aunts, uncles and first cousins to do this too, I can learn so much more about my DNA.

Interesting case in point. Unbeknownst to me, a distant cousin, Brent Burch has had his DNA tested by 23andMe. He is the great grandson on his mother's side of the family of my great, great grandparents, Joseph Henry and Florence Ridges Dean.

The 23andMe site allows us to share genotype information. From this comparison, I was able to discover that my Dad's African ancestry does not come from his grandmother's family lines (that eliminates 1/4th of possible sources). The reason I know this is that Brent's DNA match with mine (where we share 1/2 of our alleles) occurs on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th, and 20th chromosomes. My paternal African ancestry again occurs on the 3rd and 9th chromosomes. Please get tested! $99 is a bargain and then we can compare DNA information!